The Media As A Stigma Against Women - 2277 Words

Society is very judgmental. Sex-workers are viewed for what they do and not for who they are. People love to assume and critique others by what they do to make ends meet. The words we know to describe these workers are; greedy, objects, whores, hookers, prostitutes†¦ There is an endless list of people’s assumptions on sex-workers, mostly believing that these workers have no education or morals. This subject is taboo, but I believe that it is because people are not fully informed about these individuals and their hard work. Sadly, the media is feeding us with negative images. Men are barely thought of when discussion prostitution and sex-work, but males also sell their bodies for money. This can be seen as a stigma against women. The†¦show more content†¦The diversity of sex work can vary from fantasies like exotic dancers, phone sex, escorts and street-based workers. You can work independently, with colleagues or for someone else. Popular locations for this type of work are hotels, cars, alleys or parks. A few commonalities in this industry is that sex workers are mostly women (80 %) with male clients, they are mostly heterosexual and most of the work happens off-street (80-90%). Unfortunately, the word prostitute is used more than the term sex worker. â€Å"The word prostitute reinforces the discrimination and stigma of the persons involved. This dominates how they are perceived and often leads to the formation of a master status suppressing and contaminating all other status possessed by the individual† (Shaver, 2015). Today and for many years, money is the major motive for becoming a prostitute. Sex work has been practiced since ancient times and even the most primitive societies have transactional sex. If we look back in history, hetaera in Greece and geishas in Japan were known as high levels of companionship. Prostitution was not only popular in America. Sex work and attitudes towards have change though out history. Stereotypes are a widely held but fixed and oversimplified images or ideas of a particular type of person, a group or a thing. For most people, there is at least one time in their lives were they felt or knew they were a

Essay on Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes

In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes writes to rid pre-conceptions, and disprove all belief in thoughts that are not certain, accepting only what can be known for sure. In his Meditation VI: Of the Existence of Material Things, and the Real Distinction between the Mind and Body of Man, he discusses his belief that the mind and body are two separate substances, claiming that the nonmaterial mind and the material body, while being ontologically distinct substances, causally interact; a belief called Cartesian dualism. Descartes explains that he has a clear and distinct idea of himself as a thinking and non-extended thing, and a clear and distinct idea of his body as a non-thinking and extended thing. He argues†¦show more content†¦Descartes, in response to this objection, suggested that animal spirits interacted with the body through the pineal gland, a small gland located between the two hemispheres in the center of the brain. Descartes’ answer is a weak response to this argument, because the nature of animals cannot explain the nature of humans. Also, the pineal gland is, in fact, a physical entity, and therefore initial objection still stands; How can a nonphysical mind interact with the physical pineal gland? It is evident that the mind and the body must interact. As Aristotle writes in his work, De Anima, â€Å"It seems that all the affections of the soul involve the body – passion, gentleness, fear, pity, confidence, and also joy and both loving and hating. For at the same time as these occur, the body is affected in a certain way†¦it is clear that the affections of the soul are principles involving matter.† The body reacts the soul, and the two interact to create emotion and sensation. It is also clear that the mind is more than a function of the brain. If the brain were simply matter, with no interaction with the mind, then each brain would think and form opinions in the same manner. It is obvious that this fact is not true. Consider instances in which the exact same information is presented, different individuals will often come to different opinions. Would this occur if thought was simply a function of matter? This could not be if only our brains are used to interpret information withShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy1234 Words   |  5 Pages In Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes does and experiment with wax to try to prove that things actually exist in this world. This essay is going to prove how we can tell that things actually exist and what can perceive the wax. Rene Descartes starts off with a description of the wax so he can prove to us the changes that will happen throughout his experiment. â€Å"Let us take, for instance, this piece of wax. It has been taken quite recently from theRead MoreMeditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesPrà ©ciso of Meditations on First Philosophy Through his series of books, Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes enlightens his philosophical ideas about knowledge in which we should discard all belief we aren’t absolute certain about and establishes what we know for sure. In the introduction he clarifying the main ideas of each of the 6 books and using to them build up to his belief. Starting with the First Meditations, he discusses about doubt. He believed that there are no real foundationsRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes916 Words   |  4 Pages The Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes is a thorough analysis about doubt. Descartes describes his method of doubt to determine whether he can truly know something. One of his major arguments is the proof of the existence of God. In this paper, I will attempt to unravel the flaws in Descartes proof that God exists. In the meditations, Descartes evaluates whether or not everything we know is a reality or a dream. Descartes claims that we can only be sure that our beliefs are trueRead MoreMeditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes philosophies made a substantial advancement in enabling us to understand the world around us by querying many of the Aristotelian doctrines that are still being discussed in philosophy today. He attempts to answer the question; can you fully trust your senses? Descartes uses methodological doubt, which is a process of being skeptical about truths of someone’s belief to revoke from his senses. In Meditation One: Concerning Those Things That Can BeRead MoreRene Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy1758 Words   |  8 PagesPerhaps the most startling conclusion reached by Renà © Descartes in Meditations on First Philosophy is his proposed disconnection between the Mind and Body. Striving to separate the spiritual from the corporeal to enable scientific examination of the earthly without interference from the divine, Descartes conceives that the two basic human substances, Mind and Body, are distinct and therefore able to exist separate of one another in his [in]famous claim of substance dualism. His conclusions rest uponRead MoreRene Descartes s Meditation On First Philosophy802 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes objective in Meditation on First Philosophy is to construct philosophy as a solid methodical study and discipline alike the sciences. To do so he must first suspend belief in all things doubtful and from their go about verifying the true concepts of the world. In meditation II he verifies that he is a thinking thing and finds that the certainty of the cogito â€Å"I think therefore I am† lies in the distinct perception of what he affirms. From this he generates a general rule of evidenceRead More Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Essay1946 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Rene Descartes’ third meditation from his book Meditations on First Philosophy, examines Descartes’ arguments for the existence of God. The purpose of this essay will be to explore Descartes’ reasoning and proofs of God’s existence. In the third meditation, Descartes states two arguments attempting to prove God’s existence, the Trademark argument and the traditional Cosmological argument. Although his arguments are strong and relatively truthfulRead MoreEssay on Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy2121 Words   |  9 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Descartes believes that knowledge comes from within the mind. This is a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. While seeking true knowledge, Descartes writes his Six Meditations. In these meditations, Descartes tries to develop a strong foundation, which all knowledge can be built upon. In the First Meditation, Descartes begins developing this founda tion through the method of doubt. He casts doubt upon all his previous beliefs, including â€Å"mattersRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Essay 1 Rene Descartes was born in in La Haye, France, in 1596 and he studied at La Fleche Jesuit College and University of Poitiers. Descartes also lived in Germany, Holland and Sweden. He then worked in the army as a private councillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is reality? Among these writers were Renà ¨ Descartes and George Berkeley, who respectively argued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’s first meditation, he claims it is unable to be proven whether

Plot Free Essays

In this article, Goldstein attempts to describe the aspect of AIDS in Newfoundland. In order to sufficiently do so, she illustrates three main elements which relate to the expansion of the legend in the province; Cultural variability, localization and contemporary legend. The idea of doing this is to give the reader a general understanding of what stories were told In order to enhance the generation of these legends. We will write a custom essay sample on Plot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the article, Goldstein provides examples of deferent versions of the AIDS legend. There are significant motifs used In these versions that distinguish he versions generated. There Is the coffin version In which the man usually lures the woman Into getting involved with him, and when she leaves to return home he hands her a box which has a coffin Inside with the message â€Å"welcome to the world of AIDS†. The lipstick version generally suggests the opposite; the woman lures the man Into getting Involved with her and In the morning the man will go to the bathroom with a message wrote on the mirror In lipstick â€Å"welcome to the world of AIDS†. The version chosen will reflect cultural assumptions and values, which Is what Is described as ultra variability. Goldstein provides facts that the coffin version is more prominent in Newfoundland than the lipstick version; 74% of random sample knew about the coffin legend versus the 26% that were aware of the lipstick legend. The original version may not have made sense to Nefariousness’s, so it was altered to be understandable and meaningful. They often use mainlanders, which are the outsiders, as scapegoats. The Newfoundland version suggests an innocent, hardworking woman goes away on a trip, meets a man, falls in love and engages in sexual intercourse. If they engaged in sexual activity in Newfoundland and retrieved AIDS, the mainlanders would be blamed for the disperse because they are strangers. Newfoundland are good, mainlanders are bad. Newfoundland is safe, mainland is a threat. In part II of the article is where Cider’s main points start. This is where he beings to outline his main points on murmuring. He begins with a definition on what murmuring is, in case the reader is unaware. If the reader is completely unaware of the aspect of murmuring, they would read Cider’s first description and probably be totally confused. Loud banging at the Victims’ kitchen door. † When seeing the word â€Å"victim† they may think there is some kind of illegal activity going to happen when they enter the house. â€Å"Loud banging† may constitute for an aggressive person or group. They both relate. In trying to avoid this conclusion, Sided quickly exemplifies the fact mummers are always lifelong neighbors and are never strangers even though they would appear to be. What happens when mummers enter the house? Sided continues to illustrate huge points that unfamiliar readers need to be aware of. Mummers do not enter households and â€Å"trash† the place. They enter and dance around, have sociable drinks, eat food and Walt for the household to guess their Identity. There Is no Illegal occurrence that takes place during this activity and Slider makes this point very clear. The second point Sided makes Is the aspect of Scoffing. Upon reading this article, I was unfamiliar with what scoffing was. Sided makes a mall point regarding scoffing when he describes the term â€Å"scoff’. A scoff Is formerly known as a meal, usually one that consists of a large amount of food. Another efferent families, for which all the food is stolen or â€Å"bucked† which in Newfoundland means something a little different than stealing. Sided makes another huge point when he says that food is only taken from another family living in the same community and who is the same â€Å"social class† as the person taking the food. An individual who comes from a poor fisher family would not take from a wealthy family, and a wealthy individual would most certainly not take from a poor family. Sided also acknowledges the connection between murmuring and scoffing which is another age point made in this article. He notes that they lie at the intersection of different forms of alliances within and between families. These alliances can include sentiment and emotion, but also kinship or work and production. These activities basically hindered or helped social relations. In order to further illustrate the alliances, Sided goes in to talk about the organization of the village inshore fishery during the period when the family was the unit of work for the fishery, which is Part Ill of the article. In Part IV of the article, Sided describes the truck system and the tall al system. Due to reading the first article â€Å"In Between History and Tomorrow: Making and Breaking Everyday Life in Newfoundland. â€Å", I am very familiar with both of these systems, but he describes it because not all of the readers would have read that previous article. He thoroughly describes each system which is important so that the reader will know what these systems are and what they were used for. In Part V of the article, Sided illustrates the diminishing of the two customs (murmuring and scoffing). This is a major point because readers may understand why they haven’t en familiar with either of them and it would be due to the fact that hardly anyone participates in them anymore. For example, I knew what murmuring was because it still occurs in my area but not very often. I was completely unaware of scoffing upon reading this article because it was not something that I was introduced to. It did not happen in my area and if it did, it would not go over well. These customs are diminishing and if we ask people in generations from now, they probably will not know what either one of these customs are. The last main point that Sided presents n this article is answering â€Å"Why do outpost Nefariousness’s mum and scoff? † He answers by illustrating that customs do things. They are connected to people who participate in them. It becomes their social root for some people. The second answer that he illustrates is the connected between customs and culture. It is important for Sided to illustrate this because reader’s may often times wonder while interpreting this article why people do the things that are being described. They may not realize it, but it is a true statement when people say it is part of you inheritance. Aside from the main points outlined in this article, which are relevant in understanding the article, I have generated a few questions based on a couple aspects that were discussed. 1. ) Why doesn’t Sided talk more about the women during that era? He did mention in Part I that the mothers, wives, sisters and young children salted and dried the fish, preparing them for fall delivery to the merchant. He also mentioned them again during the explanation of kinship organization. The women were part of the shore crowd, there were usually three or four needed, and they were not paid erectly (it depended on their father or brother’s catch) Sided continues to describe how men interact during the off season, but what about the women? What do they do knows back then the women did all the cooking and cleaning). In my opinion, there is too much focus on the men, although it is proven they worked extremely hard and it is important to put emphasis on that, but it almost feels like women were minor in this article. 2. )Len the context of scoffing, how would people actually steal the goods? Sided gives a thorough description of scoffing, but fails to mention anything about owe the goods would be stolen, or bucked. Why didn’t Sided expand on this context and provide an in-depth example? Would people wait until early hours in the morning? Would they do it in broad daylight? Would they go back numerous times in one scoff? Would they get someone else to do it for them Just in case they get caught? What do they bring with them? Does anyone get really hurt or angry buy having their food stolen? Sided mentions that the individual(s) buck enough for it to hurt, but how hurt do they get? Do they seek revenge other than stealing back from them? A lot of answered questions came to me when reading about scoffing and it may be because I am so unfamiliar with the custom. I will definitely do more research into it because it seems very interesting. Overall, I really enjoyed reading this article. I can relate to the murmuring where I am from. Although it is not a common thing, my family still sometimes go downstairs, dress up and come up dancing like mummers would. I really appreciated the point in the article when Sided referenced the â€Å"abundant Sunday dinner†. The traditional Sunday dinner is still a huge thing in my family. My grandmother faithfully cooks every Sunday, either for a small or big crowd. Cider’s descriptions are very thorough and interesting to read, which is why this article appealed to me more than the others. He covers most aspects that are needed in order for the reader to understand the points he is attempting to make. This is extremely important when trying to keep the reader interested and informed, and Sided productively does that. As a new reader of Cider’s work I am impressed with his systematic descriptions and approach in his work and I look forward to reading more of his writing! How to cite Plot, Papers

Workplace Rghts in New South Wales Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Rghts in New South Wales. Answer: Workplace rights in New South Wales An employee may be employed under either an agreement or an award. The minimum working conditions at work may be stipulated in registered agreements, legislation or awards. In case a business has registered agreement, which includes the work carried out by the employee of the organization, the minimum pay and conditions in the award shall become applicable[1]. In the event there is no such registered agreement that is applicable to the business and an award covers the business as well as the work carried out by the employees, the minimum pay and conditions in the award shall become applicable. In the absence of any agreement or award, the minimum conditions and pay stipulated in the legislations shall become applicable[2]. The Fair Work Act 2009 is the statute that regulates the workplace rights and obligations in Australia[3]. It sets out terms and conditions of employment and the obligations and tights of the employer and the employees in an organization Employee Entitlements The minimum entitlement of an employee is stipulated in the National Employment Standards (NES) and in the awards[4]. An employment contract or a registered agreement may provide for other entitlements, however, they be not entitled to provide anything less than what is stipulated in the NES or the award that is applicable to the employee. National Employment Standards The NES that are provided to every employee in every employment sector: Maximum weekly hours of work Annual leave Parental leave and related entitlements Request for flexible working arrangements Long service leave Public holidays Community service leave Compassionate/carers/personal leave Provision of Fair Work Information statement Notice of redundancy and termination pay Pay An employer must pay at least the minimum rate set out in the agreement or the national minimum wage for the award free employees. The employees are entitled to allowances for working overtime, working outside regular hours or they may also be entitled to penalty rates for working weekends, public holidays or weekends[5]. The employer is obligated to pay the employees regularly and on requests from the employee, may pay him or her at least once a fortnight[6]. However, an employer is prohibited from deducting any money from the payment made to the employee unless the employee has agreed to the same or it is a legal obligation to do so. Moreover, an employee cannot make any yearly deductions from the annual holiday pay of the employees. The employees are entitled to right pay rates for all the time they work including for the time they have spent at work: Opening and closing the business; Working at unreasonable trial shifts; Training period; Team meeting; Unpaid Work It can take place in the workforce in various forms starting from unpaid job placements to vocational placements, trails, work experience and internships[7]. These positions and jobs are entered into for several reasons such as: To test the job skills of a person; To provide training or work experience as part of formal programs for assisting people to obtain work; To provide a person with job experience in an industry; If a person is not paid for doing certain work, it is considered as lawful under the above circumstances. For instance, where the job seeker is not an employee but is entitled to benefits from the government and is undertaking such work placement as a part of the commonwealth employment program. However, in cases, where a person is working as an employee, they are legally entitled to the pay and conditions stipulated under the Fair Work Act 2009. Nevertheless, if an employee is required to undertake on-job training to perform the job, they should be paid for the hours the employees undertake training. Casual workers are entitled to an additional payment known as loading in the form of compensation for not receiving entitlements stipulated under the NES such as paid leave (sick leaves and other leaves), no notice period before termination and no employment assurance. Termination of employment The employee or the employer may terminate employment by giving proper notice in writing[8]. An employer may dismiss employee if: fixed-term employment contract has expired; Performance is poor; Duties cannot be continued on medical grounds; willful misconduct is exhibited; Downturn in business; Employees are entitled to 16 weeks redundancy pay and 4-5 weeks of termination notice, however, both termination and redundancy is based on the length of service. Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) In Australia, there are certain legislations that governing the disputed regarding the workplaces. Fair Work Act 2009 is one of them. The Act was enacted to maintain the standard of workplace and regulate the employment related matters with ultimate priority. The provisions of the Fair Work Act are known and called as the national workplace relations system. Every company is required to make a balanced work power so that they can gain extra profit and develop the standard of commerce[9]. Provisions of the Fair Work Act help to customize the provisions of workplace and assist a company to promote financial prosperity on national level. Therefore, it can be stated that the ultimate purpose of the Act is to regulate certain norms that will help the company to gain economic benefit. The Act is designed to provide effective employment terms and conditions; chalk out all the rights and responsibilities for the workers and for the employers who are serving the business[10]. It provide guidelines so that the rules of the Act can be complied with at all level; and empowers the jurisdiction of the Fair Work Commission and Fair Work Ombudsman as was held in Fair WorkOmbudsman v Pocomwell Ltd (No 1)[2013][11]. The Act has provided certain national employment standards for the betterment of the company so that the company can regulate their business legally. The provisions of the standards are mandatory for every Australians, provide protection to all the employees, and secure their interest by dealing with the terms and policies of the employment such as working hours, provisions on leave, work flexibility, holidays and notice of termination. According to the Fair Work Act, the employees are given certain kinds of modern award that are dealing with their waging rate, penalty rate, allowances, leave criteria and dispute settlement provisions. Therefore, it can be stated that the provisions of the Act are providing numerous help to the employees to secure their interest and help the employers to regulate their business in a right way. However, criticisms have been made regarding certain provisions of the Act and it has been stated that the Act has certain limitations too. It is fact that the main objective of the Act is to provide fairness in the workplace so that no one can be deprived of his or her legitimate demand[12]. However, a thorough interpretation of the Act reveals the fact that the legislation of the Act is complex and extensive in nature. Additionally, it has been observed that the extensive nature of the Act makes one difficult to understand the facts of the case and provisions and they could not easily navigate the terms of the legislations. The most common facts and problems that are cropped up regarding the provisions that the employers are getting confused by the complex language of the Act and they have committed different acts that are not in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Further, the provisions of the Act are changed frequently and therefore, it is very difficult for the employers to catch the rules or maintain the norms in an effective way. For an example, a recent amendment has been made regarding the general protection claim where certain time limits have been made after the claim and for the claim[13]. The change is that the time limits of the claim have been reduced from 60 days to 21 days. The claim can be done or made against the employers who are treating their employees adversely. It has been observed that the complaints for workplace harassment have been increased and false cases have been lodged now days. The Act has not provided any exception provision for the harassment complaints and therefore, it has not been provided by the Act that what will happen in case of false complaint. The provisions of the Act are not applicable for all the states of Australia; it provides a national standards. Australia is a federal country and therefore, every state is not mandatorily followed up all the rules and regulations of the Act. This becomes a major problem in the application of the Act[14]. Further, the definition of the adverse action should be widen in nature and additional employment interest must be included under the Act; however, the limited interests are also weak point in this case. References Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Fair WorkOmbudsman v Pocomwell Ltd (No 1)[2013] FCA 250 Floyd, Louise, et al.Employment, Labour and Industrial Law in Australia. Cambridge University Press, 2017. James, Natalie, and Fair Work Ombudsman. "Commonwealth of Australia." (2015). OSullivan, Michelle, et al. "Is individualemployment law displacing the role of trade unions?."Industrial Law Journal44.2 (2015): 222-245. Painter, Richard, and Ann Holmes.Cases and materials on Employment Law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Phillips, Jeffrey, and Nicholas Read. "A casual approach to labels and employment law."Precedent (Sydney, NSW)135 (2016): 48. Skinner, N., B. Pocock, and C. Hutchinson. "A qualitative study of the circumstances and outcomes of the National Employment Standards Right to Request provisions: A report to Fair Work Australia."University of South Australia, Adelaide(2015). Stewart, Andrew.Stewart's guide to employment law. Vol. 3. Sydney: Federation Press, 2013. Walsh, David J.Employment law for human resource practice. Nelson Education, 2015.

Blended Surrondings Essays - , Term Papers

Blended Surrondings Blended Surroundings I found myself in a new place and once again, I must start over. I knew that there is expected travel, but I never thought that each time I must prove myself. New faces, new peers, and a whole new chain of command are something to get use to. For the last two years, I have been the model soldier, superceding all their standards. Among the best is what the plaque reads. As I hang this plaque on a new wall, it means nothing now. Once again, I must play another role. Some people are in search for their identity. For me, all I must do is to choose. My true identity is something of a mystery. Like a chameleon who changes its color to adapt to their surrounds, I, too, assume a different persona for adaptation. In the Army, I learned that it is a tight and closely-knit group. I remembered my first day at my last unit. It was about 2:30 in the mourning when I heard a knock on my door. It felt like I open the gates of the running of the bulls in Spain. A dozen of troops bombarded my living quarters, stuffed me in a sleeping bag, and hung out the third story window as welcome. I learned then that surviving the military has to be done as group. To become part of the group seemed easy for me. I became a friend to everyone. I belong to all different types of personas. From the maladjusted to the barrackss rat (loner), I conformed to their personalities. I became who they were. I suppose that this new place will not be any different. As I look at my new room, I can pretty much describe what type of person is my roommate. The room is quite bare with the exceptions of pin-up playboy bunnies littered the room and his desk is filled with old letters from Gina. Other than his Walkman, he didnt have any other kind of electronic entertainment. His bed sheet was a bit eccentric. Ive met some strange characters, but Star Trek bed sheets struck me as odd, far more than most. For the majority of people in search of friends, people tend to be friends with someone like themselves or someone that can guide them. I could tell that he was someone stuck in the past. He needed a guide. In others, I became the devil on his shoulders. As I was unpacking my bags, a firm knock is heard from the door. The door flung open and a tall, medium build man with a straight face stared at me. By the look of his collar, he had to be my platoon sergeant, in other words my boss. He is ugly fellow, especially with his downsizing stare. I knew from the moment; he kicked the door open. He is going to be a hard man to please. A few seconds has pass before he uttered a word, only to criticize my plaque. He said he read my profile and wanted nothing less; thats one role Im well accustomed to. Soon enough, I put my game face on and became his right hand man. My identity was justified for its purpose of survival. I survived two years in the shadows of my own chameleon. Animals have a way of protecting themselves. Unlike animals, we dont use claws; teeth; or long, sharp quills of a porcupine to protect ourselves. I use my mind to conceive my identity. Like the chameleon, I used my mind to control my surroundings, the situations, and the people around me through the use of blended identities. Creative Writing

Community Psychology to Homelessness Essays

Community Psychology to Homelessness Essays Community Psychology to Homelessness Paper Community Psychology to Homelessness Paper One of the goals of the City of Chicagos Health Department is to develop ways to decrease teenage drug use. Since the number of adolescents who use illegal drugs is growing rapidly, new and innovative prevention methods must be experimented with in order to solve the problem. Approaching the issue of teenage drug use from Gerald Caplans prevention perspective will bring about the new and innovative results needed to effectively address this issue. Gerald Caplan (1964) is known as the individual who used the term prevention as a specific program in the mental health lexicon. According to Caplan, there are three distinct types of prevention; primary, secondary and tertiary. In this essay I will use the three main types of prevention as described by Caplan in the textbook Community Psychology Linking Individuals and Communities to develop three prevention programs that the Health Department could use to address the issue of teenage drug use. The first type of prevention to be addressed in this essay is primary prevention. The basic ideal behind this intervention is to stop the problem before it becomes a problem. At the primary level intervention is given to entire populations when they are not in need or distress. This is usually done to prevent the occurrence of new cases, especially when the problem is considered to be an epidemic. Before a problem or circumstance has the ability to cause harmful effects on a community, a community psychologist will take a proactive approach and intervene to reduce the chance of future difficulties. Another way to look at primary prevention is to consider it intervention given to all people in a particular setting regardless of the need for the intervention. Examples of primary prevention would be to vaccinate all children for polio and other common diseases even though the children have not shown any signs of the disease and may not have a particularly high chance of contracting these diseases. Similarly, a school may require that all graduating seniors students take a seminar that prepares them for the transition from high school to college. This is considered to be primary prevention especially if the community has had no known problems concerning a students transition from high school to college. Taking a look specifically at the core issue, which is teenage drug use in Chicago, I would suggest the following program to alleviate the problem at the primary prevention level. The Health Department could implement a drug awareness program called D. A. R. E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) in the Chicago Public Schools to teach children about the physical, emotional and psychological dangers of drug use and importance of saying no to drugs. The targeted population would be young children and pre-teens between the ages of seven and twelve. Since the main concern of the Health Department are teenager, a community psychologist using the primary prevention model would want to lower the rate of new drug use by educating a population of non-user. Primary prevention would be a proactive step toward decreasing the actually number of teenager in Chicago who use drugs. By using a program such as D. A. R. E the Health Department can drastically reduce the number of incidents in which more teenagers experiment with using drugs since young children and pre-teens would have already been educated on the importance of saying no. The next type of prevention to be addressed in this essay is secondary prevention. Secondary prevention is also called early intervention because the action is taken in populations showing the early signs of disorder of difficulty. It would be considered a secondary prevention method to put those graduating senior who have shown signs such as poor study habits, lack of time management and lack of maturity in a seminar the prepares them for the transition from high school to college. At the secondary prevention level, community psychologist have a standard to which at risk persons are identified as being predisposed to a particular problem of disorder. The main concern with this approach is the reliance on stereotypes in order to identify those individuals who need the assistance. There is also the potential to stigmatize individuals because with the secondary prevention method, community psychologist are placing labels on people who currently have no problem or disorder and may never develop the particular problem. While a program such as D. A. R. E extremely effective for kids who have never thought of using drugs, it would not be as effective at the secondary prevention level. As stated above, the targeted population at this level would be those persons who are at risk if becoming a drug abuser. A community psychologist may want to implement a mentoring program such as Big Brother Big Sister in which at risk youths could be pared with an adult who could be a positive influence. Those youth who would be considered at risk would meet a specific predetermined set of criteria that shows an increase likelihood of drug use in the future. Such factors may include being a member of a minority group e. g. African American or Latino, family income below the poverty line, minute gang involvement, academic difficulty and depression. When individual are identified as possessing two or more of the risk factors for drug abuse, they will be pared with a distinguished member of the community who can assert a positive influence over the life of the youth in an effort to steer them away from drug use as an adolescent. Secondary prevention focuses on early intervention and targeting specific populations that are at risk to problems such as drug abuse. The Chicago Health Department could benefit by using a mentoring program to sway the negative influence of drugs with the positive influence of caring members of the community. The third and final prevention method as described by Caplan is tertiary prevention. At the tertiary level of prevention, the targeted populations are individuals who currently have the problem or disorder. The intentions of community psychologist who work with this method are to reduce the intensity and duration of the disorder. The goal is to prevent re-occurrences and additional complications. If an individual is currently a victim of drug abuse the Health Department may want to establish a program in which medical facilities and drug rehabilitation facilities are readily available within Chicago. Teacher, community members and families may need to be educated about how to deal with teenagers who use drug and conventional methods on how to persuade those individuals to seek help. Another aspect of this program may be counseling and educational assistance for those teenagers who need help staying off of drugs. The tertiary program may initially appear to be treatment oppose to prevention however, when a teenager is already addicted to drugs, preventing them from using drugs in not a logical option in itself. What we want to prevent, at this stage this the future re-occurrence of drug use once the individual is rehabilitated and the prevention of additional complications that come along with a drug program such as violent criminal activity or lose of health. Finally I would like to take the opportunity to interject my personal opinion by recommending the specific prevention problem that I believe is best suited to solve the issue of teenage drug use in the Chicago land area. Drug use among teenagers in urban communities such as Chicago is a serious and complicated issue that would be impossible to solve by using one single method. Attacking the problem at multiple levels is the only way in which the Health Department would be able to progress toward a drug free adolescence population. While the primary prevention method is certainly important in educating young children about the dangers of drug use, 100 percent success cannot realistically be expected. Such methods as the secondary and tertiary prevention plans as described above should be in place as a safety net to prevent the escalation of additional problems in those teenagers who did not get the message. The primary prevention would be the ideal method since it is cost effective and eliminates the long-term effects that come along with drug use. The secondary method is also a good method because it can be used as a tool to intervene before an at risk youth develops a drug problem. The main problem with this of course it that all teenagers who decide to use drugs may not fit in the at risk categories and all those the fit the description may not ever experiment with drugs. The tertiary prevention model is extremely costly and maybe even inefficient due to the difficulties and struggles evolved with becoming a drug free person. However this option must be available for those who sincerely want to change their lives to not be neglected. As a result of examining all of the factors that must be addressed with all three types of prevention, I would suggest using a combination all the three as the most effective way of preventing drug use among teenagers in Chicago. Since one of the goals of the City of Chicagos Health Department is to develop ways to decrease teenage drug use, new and innovative prevention methods such as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention must be experimented with in order to solve the problem. At the primary level intervention is given to entire populations when they are not in need of it. Using a program such as D. A. R. E would effectively satisfy community psychologist at this level because it stops the problem before it becomes a problem. Secondary prevention is also called early intervention because the action is taken in populations showing the early signs of disorder of difficulty. At the secondary prevention level, community psychologist have a standard to which at risk persons are identified as being predisposed to a particular problem of disorder. The main concern with this approach is the reliance on stereotypes in order to identify those individuals who need the assistance. The tertiary program may initially appear to be treatment oppose to prevention however, at this stage the prevention is of future re-occurrence of drug use once the individual is rehabilitated and the prevention of additional complications. Together all three of these preventions models can be profoundly effective in decreasing drug use among adolescences.

Global inequality and develpment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global inequality and develpment - Essay Example Obviously, there have been others such as Simmel and Durkheim. For Marx and Weber, although in quite distinct approaches, it is capitalism which is ‘the most fateful force’ (Pellicani 1994, 25) influencing modernity. For neither of them is this suggestion factual in terms of economic determinism: ‘it is not that capitalism as a form of economy causes modernity to be as it is’ (ibid, p. 25). However, for Marx and Weber the invasion of the global economy by capitalism is a critical agency of modernisation. Instead, each interprets capitalism, as what Marx refers to as a ‘mode of life’ (Sayer 1991, 7). The explicitly mentioned issue of the empirical studies of Marx and Weber is capitalism, but the purpose for its analysis was the issue of humanity’s fate in the modern world, whose challenging characteristic is typified by the concept of ‘capitalism’. ... nt objective of the ‘Communist Manifesto’ is politics and practicality whilst the objective of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion is history and theory (Apter 1965, 62). However this does not rule out the possibility that the initial and core inspiration for both Marx’s ‘Manifesto’ and Weber’s ‘historical research’ (Turner 1993, 18) may, however, have been the sole and reflective question regarding our modern mode of humanity. Similarities might afterwards be drawn, for instance, between the confrontational analysis of the ‘bourgeois’ in the ‘Manifesto’ and the equally crucial critique in the earliest of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion, where in a similar ‘bourgeois’ humanity is somewhat distinctly assessed. Both analyses engage our own selves in our historical context. If this premise of comparison is objective but fundamental to the content of their theories, in that case, this sole question should surface repeatedly in the thematically distinct theories of Weber and Marx. It is then relevant to discuss Marx’s and Weber’s ideas of global inequality and development. The Development of Underdevelopment The implication of the relationship of development and underdevelopment has two core principles; however, this essay will only discuss the first and most contentious of these principles as it is the one that greatly relates to Marx’s and Weber’s conception of the global economy. This first principle is best summarised in Frank’s idea of the ‘development of underdevelopment’ (Veltmeyer 1980, 213). ... the metropolis expropriates economic surplus from its satellites and appropriates it for its own economic development. The satellites remain underdeveloped for lack of access to their own surplus and as a