Blended Surrondings Essays - , Term Papers

Blended Surrondings Blended Surroundings I found myself in a new place and once again, I must start over. I knew that there is expected travel, but I never thought that each time I must prove myself. New faces, new peers, and a whole new chain of command are something to get use to. For the last two years, I have been the model soldier, superceding all their standards. Among the best is what the plaque reads. As I hang this plaque on a new wall, it means nothing now. Once again, I must play another role. Some people are in search for their identity. For me, all I must do is to choose. My true identity is something of a mystery. Like a chameleon who changes its color to adapt to their surrounds, I, too, assume a different persona for adaptation. In the Army, I learned that it is a tight and closely-knit group. I remembered my first day at my last unit. It was about 2:30 in the mourning when I heard a knock on my door. It felt like I open the gates of the running of the bulls in Spain. A dozen of troops bombarded my living quarters, stuffed me in a sleeping bag, and hung out the third story window as welcome. I learned then that surviving the military has to be done as group. To become part of the group seemed easy for me. I became a friend to everyone. I belong to all different types of personas. From the maladjusted to the barrackss rat (loner), I conformed to their personalities. I became who they were. I suppose that this new place will not be any different. As I look at my new room, I can pretty much describe what type of person is my roommate. The room is quite bare with the exceptions of pin-up playboy bunnies littered the room and his desk is filled with old letters from Gina. Other than his Walkman, he didnt have any other kind of electronic entertainment. His bed sheet was a bit eccentric. Ive met some strange characters, but Star Trek bed sheets struck me as odd, far more than most. For the majority of people in search of friends, people tend to be friends with someone like themselves or someone that can guide them. I could tell that he was someone stuck in the past. He needed a guide. In others, I became the devil on his shoulders. As I was unpacking my bags, a firm knock is heard from the door. The door flung open and a tall, medium build man with a straight face stared at me. By the look of his collar, he had to be my platoon sergeant, in other words my boss. He is ugly fellow, especially with his downsizing stare. I knew from the moment; he kicked the door open. He is going to be a hard man to please. A few seconds has pass before he uttered a word, only to criticize my plaque. He said he read my profile and wanted nothing less; thats one role Im well accustomed to. Soon enough, I put my game face on and became his right hand man. My identity was justified for its purpose of survival. I survived two years in the shadows of my own chameleon. Animals have a way of protecting themselves. Unlike animals, we dont use claws; teeth; or long, sharp quills of a porcupine to protect ourselves. I use my mind to conceive my identity. Like the chameleon, I used my mind to control my surroundings, the situations, and the people around me through the use of blended identities. Creative Writing

Community Psychology to Homelessness Essays

Community Psychology to Homelessness Essays Community Psychology to Homelessness Paper Community Psychology to Homelessness Paper One of the goals of the City of Chicagos Health Department is to develop ways to decrease teenage drug use. Since the number of adolescents who use illegal drugs is growing rapidly, new and innovative prevention methods must be experimented with in order to solve the problem. Approaching the issue of teenage drug use from Gerald Caplans prevention perspective will bring about the new and innovative results needed to effectively address this issue. Gerald Caplan (1964) is known as the individual who used the term prevention as a specific program in the mental health lexicon. According to Caplan, there are three distinct types of prevention; primary, secondary and tertiary. In this essay I will use the three main types of prevention as described by Caplan in the textbook Community Psychology Linking Individuals and Communities to develop three prevention programs that the Health Department could use to address the issue of teenage drug use. The first type of prevention to be addressed in this essay is primary prevention. The basic ideal behind this intervention is to stop the problem before it becomes a problem. At the primary level intervention is given to entire populations when they are not in need or distress. This is usually done to prevent the occurrence of new cases, especially when the problem is considered to be an epidemic. Before a problem or circumstance has the ability to cause harmful effects on a community, a community psychologist will take a proactive approach and intervene to reduce the chance of future difficulties. Another way to look at primary prevention is to consider it intervention given to all people in a particular setting regardless of the need for the intervention. Examples of primary prevention would be to vaccinate all children for polio and other common diseases even though the children have not shown any signs of the disease and may not have a particularly high chance of contracting these diseases. Similarly, a school may require that all graduating seniors students take a seminar that prepares them for the transition from high school to college. This is considered to be primary prevention especially if the community has had no known problems concerning a students transition from high school to college. Taking a look specifically at the core issue, which is teenage drug use in Chicago, I would suggest the following program to alleviate the problem at the primary prevention level. The Health Department could implement a drug awareness program called D. A. R. E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) in the Chicago Public Schools to teach children about the physical, emotional and psychological dangers of drug use and importance of saying no to drugs. The targeted population would be young children and pre-teens between the ages of seven and twelve. Since the main concern of the Health Department are teenager, a community psychologist using the primary prevention model would want to lower the rate of new drug use by educating a population of non-user. Primary prevention would be a proactive step toward decreasing the actually number of teenager in Chicago who use drugs. By using a program such as D. A. R. E the Health Department can drastically reduce the number of incidents in which more teenagers experiment with using drugs since young children and pre-teens would have already been educated on the importance of saying no. The next type of prevention to be addressed in this essay is secondary prevention. Secondary prevention is also called early intervention because the action is taken in populations showing the early signs of disorder of difficulty. It would be considered a secondary prevention method to put those graduating senior who have shown signs such as poor study habits, lack of time management and lack of maturity in a seminar the prepares them for the transition from high school to college. At the secondary prevention level, community psychologist have a standard to which at risk persons are identified as being predisposed to a particular problem of disorder. The main concern with this approach is the reliance on stereotypes in order to identify those individuals who need the assistance. There is also the potential to stigmatize individuals because with the secondary prevention method, community psychologist are placing labels on people who currently have no problem or disorder and may never develop the particular problem. While a program such as D. A. R. E extremely effective for kids who have never thought of using drugs, it would not be as effective at the secondary prevention level. As stated above, the targeted population at this level would be those persons who are at risk if becoming a drug abuser. A community psychologist may want to implement a mentoring program such as Big Brother Big Sister in which at risk youths could be pared with an adult who could be a positive influence. Those youth who would be considered at risk would meet a specific predetermined set of criteria that shows an increase likelihood of drug use in the future. Such factors may include being a member of a minority group e. g. African American or Latino, family income below the poverty line, minute gang involvement, academic difficulty and depression. When individual are identified as possessing two or more of the risk factors for drug abuse, they will be pared with a distinguished member of the community who can assert a positive influence over the life of the youth in an effort to steer them away from drug use as an adolescent. Secondary prevention focuses on early intervention and targeting specific populations that are at risk to problems such as drug abuse. The Chicago Health Department could benefit by using a mentoring program to sway the negative influence of drugs with the positive influence of caring members of the community. The third and final prevention method as described by Caplan is tertiary prevention. At the tertiary level of prevention, the targeted populations are individuals who currently have the problem or disorder. The intentions of community psychologist who work with this method are to reduce the intensity and duration of the disorder. The goal is to prevent re-occurrences and additional complications. If an individual is currently a victim of drug abuse the Health Department may want to establish a program in which medical facilities and drug rehabilitation facilities are readily available within Chicago. Teacher, community members and families may need to be educated about how to deal with teenagers who use drug and conventional methods on how to persuade those individuals to seek help. Another aspect of this program may be counseling and educational assistance for those teenagers who need help staying off of drugs. The tertiary program may initially appear to be treatment oppose to prevention however, when a teenager is already addicted to drugs, preventing them from using drugs in not a logical option in itself. What we want to prevent, at this stage this the future re-occurrence of drug use once the individual is rehabilitated and the prevention of additional complications that come along with a drug program such as violent criminal activity or lose of health. Finally I would like to take the opportunity to interject my personal opinion by recommending the specific prevention problem that I believe is best suited to solve the issue of teenage drug use in the Chicago land area. Drug use among teenagers in urban communities such as Chicago is a serious and complicated issue that would be impossible to solve by using one single method. Attacking the problem at multiple levels is the only way in which the Health Department would be able to progress toward a drug free adolescence population. While the primary prevention method is certainly important in educating young children about the dangers of drug use, 100 percent success cannot realistically be expected. Such methods as the secondary and tertiary prevention plans as described above should be in place as a safety net to prevent the escalation of additional problems in those teenagers who did not get the message. The primary prevention would be the ideal method since it is cost effective and eliminates the long-term effects that come along with drug use. The secondary method is also a good method because it can be used as a tool to intervene before an at risk youth develops a drug problem. The main problem with this of course it that all teenagers who decide to use drugs may not fit in the at risk categories and all those the fit the description may not ever experiment with drugs. The tertiary prevention model is extremely costly and maybe even inefficient due to the difficulties and struggles evolved with becoming a drug free person. However this option must be available for those who sincerely want to change their lives to not be neglected. As a result of examining all of the factors that must be addressed with all three types of prevention, I would suggest using a combination all the three as the most effective way of preventing drug use among teenagers in Chicago. Since one of the goals of the City of Chicagos Health Department is to develop ways to decrease teenage drug use, new and innovative prevention methods such as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention must be experimented with in order to solve the problem. At the primary level intervention is given to entire populations when they are not in need of it. Using a program such as D. A. R. E would effectively satisfy community psychologist at this level because it stops the problem before it becomes a problem. Secondary prevention is also called early intervention because the action is taken in populations showing the early signs of disorder of difficulty. At the secondary prevention level, community psychologist have a standard to which at risk persons are identified as being predisposed to a particular problem of disorder. The main concern with this approach is the reliance on stereotypes in order to identify those individuals who need the assistance. The tertiary program may initially appear to be treatment oppose to prevention however, at this stage the prevention is of future re-occurrence of drug use once the individual is rehabilitated and the prevention of additional complications. Together all three of these preventions models can be profoundly effective in decreasing drug use among adolescences.

Global inequality and develpment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global inequality and develpment - Essay Example Obviously, there have been others such as Simmel and Durkheim. For Marx and Weber, although in quite distinct approaches, it is capitalism which is ‘the most fateful force’ (Pellicani 1994, 25) influencing modernity. For neither of them is this suggestion factual in terms of economic determinism: ‘it is not that capitalism as a form of economy causes modernity to be as it is’ (ibid, p. 25). However, for Marx and Weber the invasion of the global economy by capitalism is a critical agency of modernisation. Instead, each interprets capitalism, as what Marx refers to as a ‘mode of life’ (Sayer 1991, 7). The explicitly mentioned issue of the empirical studies of Marx and Weber is capitalism, but the purpose for its analysis was the issue of humanity’s fate in the modern world, whose challenging characteristic is typified by the concept of ‘capitalism’. ... nt objective of the ‘Communist Manifesto’ is politics and practicality whilst the objective of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion is history and theory (Apter 1965, 62). However this does not rule out the possibility that the initial and core inspiration for both Marx’s ‘Manifesto’ and Weber’s ‘historical research’ (Turner 1993, 18) may, however, have been the sole and reflective question regarding our modern mode of humanity. Similarities might afterwards be drawn, for instance, between the confrontational analysis of the ‘bourgeois’ in the ‘Manifesto’ and the equally crucial critique in the earliest of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion, where in a similar ‘bourgeois’ humanity is somewhat distinctly assessed. Both analyses engage our own selves in our historical context. If this premise of comparison is objective but fundamental to the content of their theories, in that case, this sole question should surface repeatedly in the thematically distinct theories of Weber and Marx. It is then relevant to discuss Marx’s and Weber’s ideas of global inequality and development. The Development of Underdevelopment The implication of the relationship of development and underdevelopment has two core principles; however, this essay will only discuss the first and most contentious of these principles as it is the one that greatly relates to Marx’s and Weber’s conception of the global economy. This first principle is best summarised in Frank’s idea of the ‘development of underdevelopment’ (Veltmeyer 1980, 213). ... the metropolis expropriates economic surplus from its satellites and appropriates it for its own economic development. The satellites remain underdeveloped for lack of access to their own surplus and as a

Interpersonal Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpersonal Conflict - Essay Example This could be because of a person’s outstanding services, contacts with influential people, cultural beliefs, and practices or welfare activities for the society in which he leaves. When a person reaches such a status, he feels he is above those around him and seeks to implement protocols and securities. The fourth reason is the personality. It is the inherited or God gifted abilities, physique or outstanding achievements in the field of art or science. You are recognized and known for achievements not only locally but also nationally as well as internationally. You become renowned and with that comes wealth, authority, prestige, and fan following. The fifth reason is the intimacy. It is the love and affection and the feeling of nearness that continues to expand until it reaches oneness. When intimacy reaches oneness, it creates immense fulfillment and accomplishment. You feel you have conquered the world. Let us discuss three separate conflict situations and see how it has be en handled by the interacting personalities. The first conflict situation is the most unforgettable incident of 9/11. This is the example of â€Å"abundant resources of one country and ultra scarce resources of the other country†. On one side it was The United States of America, who had a tremendous amount of resources in the form of military equipment, army, air and sea forces, strategic power and democratically elected effective government and on the other side, it was Pakistan a small, poor, under developed and militarily ruled country.... When a person reaches such a status, he feels he is above those around him and seeks to implement protocols and securities. Fourth reason is the personality. It is the inherited or God gifted abilities, physique or outstanding achievements in the field of art or science. You are recognized and known for your achievements not only locally but also nationally as well as internationally. You become renowned and with that comes wealth, authority, prestige and fan following. Fifth reason is the intimacy. It is the love and affection and the feeling of nearness that continues to expand until it reaches oneness. When intimacy reaches oneness, it creates immense fulfillment and accomplishment. You feel you have conquered the world. Let us discuss three separate conflict situations and see how it has been handled by the interacting personalities. The first conflict situation is the most unforgettable incident of 9/11. This is the example of â€Å"abundant resources of one country and ultra s carce resources of the other country†. On one side it was The United States of America, who had tremendous amount of resources in the form of military equipments, army, air and sea forces, strategic power and democratically elected effective government and on the other side it was Pakistan a small, ultra poor, under developed and militarily ruled country. USA raged a global war against the terror and blamed that the attack of 9/11 in New York, was planned by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Pakistan was asked by USA to support the war on terror or face the consequences. Pakistan government had no choice due to military supremacy of US. Pakistan managed this conflict by â€Å"accommodation† and â€Å"collaboration†. The consequences of this

Your thirst and hunger centers tell you that you are dehydrated and Assignment

Your thirst and hunger centers tell you that you are dehydrated and hungry - Assignment Example Your starting point should be anatomical position. Instructions: (Part 1) Specify the movements, muscles, bones, and joints involved in reaching for the glass and bringing it to your mouth. As in the previous Application Assignment, explain any and all movements individually across each joint involved specifying the actions involved (i.e. flexion, extension, etc.), the muscles causing such actions, the bones being pulled on by said muscles, the types of joints involved, and how these movements collectively relate to the overall scenario/movements in this application. (Part 2) Trace the path of the water from the mouth to the urethra, listing the path in as much detail as possible. Be very specific and very detailed. Your answer should include both the digestive and renal systems. (Part 3) You finally go in for some chicken wings. Specify the movements, muscles, bones and joints involved in opening your mouth and chewing those scrumptious wings. Once again, explain any and all movemen ts individually across each joint involved specifying the actions involved (i.e. flexion, extension, etc.), the muscles causing such actions, the bones being pulled on by said muscles, the types of joints involved, and how these movements collectively relate to the overall scenario/movements in this application. (Part 4) Trace the path of â€Å"the wings† from the mouth to the anus, listing the path in as much detail as possible. ... Then, the palm is placed on glass, grip is fastened by closing the fingers (phalanges) and glass is taken to the mouth for drinking with the help of elbow joint and articulations of three bones namely the humerus, radius, and ulna. Part 2: Water enters the mouth and flows through the pharynx. From pharynx into esophagus and finally it enters the stomach, where is mixed with the rest of the food. Leaving stomach through pylorus, into 12-inch long beginning part of bowel, where most of it is absorbed into the arterial blood stream, through tentacle-shaped absorbing part of the bowel. After entering the blood stream, water is adsorbed into the cells, where it accumulates cell excretions. Then this water enters the venal blood stream that is sent to the kidneys through the heart. However this is not done immediately as most of the water still circulates in the body until it has accumulated enough wastes to be released in the kidneys. Then it goes to the blood filtration part inside the k idney, where blood elements remain in blood stream, and water with Impurities is expelled from the blood stream. That "waste water" is collected in bladder, until enough amount is collected to be economically released, through urethra. Part 3: The mandible is the only movable part in the human skull, which plays a vital role in the act of chewing also known as mastication. The muscles involved are collectedly referred to as muscles of mastication. To chew the chicken wings, initially the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle helps to depress and protrude the mandible forward, which opens the jaw. Then Masseter muscle, temporalis muscle and Medial Pterygoid muscle help to retract and elevate the mandible

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay The Russian Ruble Crisis of 1998 is termed as among the worst financial crisis to hit the Russian economy. The Crisis is believed to have been triggered by a number of factors. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 is a major cause of the crisis as it led to declines in the world commodity prices (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). Just to be appreciated is the fact that Russian economy was heavily dependent on oil. There are other reasons such as the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the economic difficulties it brought to the Russian nation. Another common cited reason is poor financial policy practices by the Russian government as well as political crisis that were witnessed in the nation earlier that year (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). The Russian financial crisis had various political and economic consequences. First, the crisis compromised the confidence of the citizens of Russian to the government of president Yeltsin. Indeed, facing much opposition in the parliament, Yeltsin was forced to fire Kiriyenko  as the prime minister and nominated Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov to the position (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 12). On the economic front, the Russian crisis led to the collapsing of the Russian stock, bond, and currency market on august 13, 1998. This was a direct result of investors fear that the government could devalue the ruble as well as claims of failure by the government to repay its domestic debts. This paper gives a critical analysis on the causes and consequences of the Russian Crisis 1998. Causes of the Russian Crisis 1998 The Russian Crisis 1998 was triggered by a combination of various independent factors. First, the Russian nation experienced a decline in its productivity (Colorado School of Business 2009). According to available statistics, the Russian economic was highly dependent on petroleum, natural gas, metal, timber exports which accounted for an estimated 80 percent of its exports. It is claimed that the Asian financial crisis of 1997 significantly compromised the export demand as well as prices for these key Russian export commodities (Colorado School of Business 2009). All these had the implication of negating the nations ability to pay its workers and its domestic debts, a factor that evidently led the country into a financial crisis. Another cause of the crisis is the fact that the government relied mainly on foreign capital inflows which were marked with extremely high interest rates (McArdle 2010). The sustainable growth of an economy is greatly determined by the ability of the government to finance its affairs from its tax revenue collections. However, the Russian government was in 1998 facing an increase in its internal loan, a factor that called for engagement into external borrowing to finance them (Colorado School of Business 2009). As an explanation of this claim is the move to hike GKO interest rates to an estimated 150 percent by Kiriyenko in June 1998. Irregular internal loan payment is also to be blamed for the Russian crisis 1998 (McArdle 2010). Statistical evidence indicates that despite the many efforts by the government to resolve its internal debts, wage debts, particularly in remote regions continued to grow. This had negative impact on the nations ability to fund key budget items such as communal utilities among others. It is claimed that the government was faced with an estimated $12.5 on wage debts by early August 1998 (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 9). This prompted workers to engage on strikes, a move that further complicated the economic productivity of the nation. Still, the war on Chechnya and its economic implications were cited as a potential cause of the Russian financial crisis of 1998 (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). According to available historical information, the war cost on the Russian economy is approximated at $5.5 billion. Just to be appreciated here is the fact that this cost is exclusive of the costs incurred in reconstruction of the ruined economy of Chechnya after the war (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). The opposition by the left wing parties of the government which led to failure to adopt anti-crisis policies by the government by mid 1998 is also another cause of the crisis. It is also claimed that prior to the meltdown, a loan given to Russian by the world bank and the International Monetary Fund was stolen, thus never functioned to serve its intended purpose. The most cited reason behind the Russian financial crisis is the ruble-dollar exchange rates crisis (McArdle 2010). During this time, the Russian government had ordered the central bank to ensure that the ruble exchange rates remained at a preset range. Based on this reasoning therefore, the central bank was forced to invest its foreign reserves in buying rubles if the exchange rate seemed to go beyond such limits. Indeed, this was a major threat to its ability to maintain reasonable foreign reserve (McArdle 2010). It is claimed that the Russian government and other non-government borrower had borrowed large amounts of foreign investment capital over the 1995-1998 period in the form of US dollars. This meant having a huge US dollar inflow for serving these debts (Marshall 2001, p. 26). However, the central bank had spent most of its foreign reserve in sustaining its floating peg policy on the rubles. This only served to negatively affect the exchange value for rubles as well as the governments ability to settle the huge international capital debts. This was further compromised by the poor government policies which negated investor confidence, causing them to sell most of their rubles and assets in Russian (Marshall 2001, p. 29). Indeed, the collapsing of the stock bond and currency market was a direct result of lack of confidence by investor due to eminent devaluing of the exchange value of ruble by the government. According to available information, the value of the stock market had reduced by an estimated over 75 percent between January and August, 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This, coupled with the other economic problems facing the nation at the time signified a real threat to investments. Economic and political implications of the crisis The Russian crisis of 1998 had various social, economic and political consequences. Following the crisis, the ruble exchange value steadily depreciated reaching 21 rubles per US dollar by the September 2nd 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This move prompted the central bank to abandon the ruble floating peg policies, a factor that saw the value of ruble depreciate to 22.5 by the end of the year. It is estimated that the inflation rate in Russian economy in 1998 reached the 98 percent considerably hiking the welfare costs of its citizens (McArdle 2010). The crisis oversaw the closure of various banks in Russia such as Inkombank, Oneximbank and Tokobank. It is claimed that the wage debts by coal miners in the nation grew to more than one percent of the governments overall budget (Colorado School of Business 2009). Still, the crisis led to an increase in food commodities in the nation by 100 percent (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 13). In a move to stabilize its inflated economy, the government quadrupled the prices of imported products. All these served to negate the social and economic lifestyle of the Russian citizens. Another consequence of the Russian crisis is that it led commodity and financial controls through administrative techniques by region governments (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). Governor Aleksandr Lebed for example signed a resolution for bringing down commodity prices in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region. It is also claimed that the eastern region imposed banns for commodity flow beyond the port city to safeguard the food supply for the city residents. In Baltic, tax to the federal government was suspended. All these had the end result of compromising regional budgets and GDP from 18.2 percent in 1997 to an estimated 10.8 percent during the first quarter of the 2000 financial years (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). The Russian crisis led to a heated political crisis on the Yeltsin government. By august 23, 1998, Yeltsin fired the then prime minister Kiriyenko (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). However, his intend to reinstate Chernomyrdin as the prime minister and his successor for the presidency received massive opposition by the parliament. This is because Chernomyrdin was claimed to have failed in implementing economic reforms in March 1998 when he was the prime minister (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 31). The parliament nevertheless anonymously approved the appointment of Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov as the prime minister in September 11 as he was perceived as capable of resolving conflicts by Russias quarreling political interest groups. Conclusion It is clearly established that the Russian crisis 1998 was caused by structural weaknesses of Russias fiscal management as well as currency crisis, transparency and contagion. The ruble floating peg policy by the central bank compromised its foreign reserves thus limiting its ability to settle its international capital debts (McArdle 2010). This was further complicated by its huge wage debts and the eroded investor confidence which led to the sale of most their assets including rubles and stocks. Therefore, the crisis is a real example of the social, economic, and political implications of having poor government policies.

Modernism and the Modern Novel Essay -- English Literature

Modernism and the Modern Novel ============================== The term modernism refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War One period. The ordered, stable and inherently meaningful world view of the nineteenth century could not, wrote T.S. Eliot, accord with "the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history." Modernism thus marks a distinctive break with Victorian bourgeois morality; rejecting nineteenth-century optimism, they presented a profoundly pessimistic picture of a culture in disarray. This despair often results in an apparent apathy and moral relativism. In literature, the movement is associated with the works of (among others) Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, H.D., Franz Kafka and Knut Hamsun. In their attempt to throw off the aesthetic burden of the realist novel, these writers introduced a variety of literary tactics and devices: the radical disruption of linear flow of narrative; the frustration of ..